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# Transformations of Graphs | GCSE Maths
- URL: https://www.a-level-maths-tutor.com/gcse-maths-transformations-graphs/
- Published: 2026-04-13T15:06:33.000Z
- Updated: 2026-04-13T15:06:33.000Z
- Author: Jaisul Naik

### What are the three types of transformations

The three types of transformations are 

1. Enlargements (stretch)
2. Translations (movement)
3. Reflections

### How can we tell if a transformation affects the x-coordinates or the y-coordinates?

Transformations outside the bracket affect the y-coordinates

Transformations inside the bracket affect the x-coordinates

When it is inside the bracket, the transformation has the opposite effect to what you'd naturally expect.

### If f(x) is the original graph, what is the effect of the following transformations?

### f(x) + 21

vertical translation, up by 21

### f(x+21) 

horizontal translation, left by 21

### 2f(x) 

vertical stretch, scale factor 2

### f(2x)

horizontal stretch, scale factor 1/2

### \-f(x) 

vertical reflection

### f(-x)

horizontal reflection